雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)災害是(shi)客(ke)觀存在的(de)自(zi)然災害，有史以(yi)來(lai)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)給人(ren)類的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活、工(gong)作(zuo)帶來(lai)很大(da)的(de)影響。雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)災可以(yi)分(fen)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)接雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊(ji)和(he)間接雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊(ji)兩種。直(zhi)(zhi)擊(ji)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)是(shi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)接擊(ji)在物體(ti)上，產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)應、熱效(xiao)應和(he)機(ji)械力(li)，直(zhi)(zhi)接雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)地(di)面物體(ti)造(zao)成(cheng)巨大(da)的(de)破壞(huai)。間接雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)主要是(shi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感應和(he)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波侵入(ru)。雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感應是(shi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，在附近導體(ti)上產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感應和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感應，并可能使(shi)金屬(shu)部件之間產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)火(huo)花。雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波侵入(ru)是(shi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)強(qiang)烈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁脈(mo)沖(chong)，在金屬(shu)管(guan)道(dao)的(de)導線上感應出強(qiang)大(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁脈(mo)沖(chong)，雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓波可能沿著架(jia)空線路(lu)或金屬(shu)管(guan)道(dao)侵入(ru)屋內，危及人(ren)身(shen)安全或損(sun)壞(huai)儀器設備(bei)。雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊(ji)釋放的(de)強(qiang)大(da)的(de)瞬(shun)間脈(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)巨大(da)的(de)熱能、機(ji)械能并誘(you)發(fa)脈(mo)沖(chong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，造(zao)成(cheng)建筑物倒塌、起火(huo)，人(ren)員傷亡，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備(bei)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)失(shi)靈或損(sun)壞(huai)，通信(xin)中斷，系(xi)統癱瘓等嚴重后果，甚至會危及人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)安全，對(dui)于生(sheng)(sheng)命和(he)財產(chan)構成(cheng)威脅。

       為了保護(hu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)和(he)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)內各(ge)類(lei)設備不(bu)受雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)損害或使雷(lei)(lei)擊(ji)損害降到最低程(cheng)度，現在(zai)都(dou)采取(qu)綜合防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)形式。而現代綜合防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)一套(tao)完整的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)設計方(fang)案應包(bao)括兩(liang)個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)：直接雷(lei)(lei)擊(ji)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)護(hu)和(he)感應雷(lei)(lei)擊(ji)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)護(hu)。缺(que)少任何(he)一方(fang)面(mian)都(dou)是不(bu)完整的(de)(de)(de)、有缺(que)陷的(de)(de)(de)和(he)有潛在(zai)危險的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)GB50057—94《建筑(zhu)物(wu)防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)設(she)計(ji)規范》里，對雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)護(hu)已(yi)有(you)(you)明(ming)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定，直接雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)護(hu)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)使用避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)針、網、帶(dai)及良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接地(di)系(xi)統(tong)，其目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)保護(hu)建筑(zhu)物(wu)不受雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)壞(huai)(huai)，給建筑(zhu)物(wu)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)或設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)提供(gong)一個相(xiang)對安(an)(an)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境。感應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)護(hu)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)取各種(zhong)(zhong)積極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)護(hu)措(cuo)施，堵塞感應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)途(tu)徑，即(ji)使用各種(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)材。目(mu)前(qian)，計(ji)算機網絡和(he)各種(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)弱電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)害，其感應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)高壓(ya)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)途(tu)徑主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)。一是(shi)(shi)(shi)由供(gong)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)、信(xin)號(hao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)和(he)控(kong)制線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)由各種(zhong)(zhong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)傳導進來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)高壓(ya)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)電(dian)(dian)子設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。傳導性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊防(fang)護(hu)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)使用各種(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)，把電(dian)(dian)源線(xian)(xian)(xian)、信(xin)號(hao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)感應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)高壓(ya)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)（過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)(deng)）進行限壓(ya)分流。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)從各接地(di)系(xi)統(tong)之(zhi)間因(yin)沒(mei)有(you)(you)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全距(ju)離(li)通過地(di)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)反擊，造成設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)，解決辦(ban)法(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)將各自分離(li)而(er)又不足安(an)(an)全距(ju)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)極改(gai)為合設(she)接地(di)體(ti)。第三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)擺(bai)(bai)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置、信(xin)號(hao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)和(he)控(kong)制線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)方(fang)式、機房(fang)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)防(fang)護(hu)措(cuo)施等(deng)(deng)(deng)因(yin)素，使設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)不能(neng)抵(di)抗因(yin)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)云(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)過程所產生(sheng)強烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)輻射而(er)損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)，最佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決辦(ban)法(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)取電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)屏蔽(bi)措(cuo)施，甚至整(zheng)個機房(fang)采(cai)用無間隙屏蔽(bi)同時，設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)擺(bai)(bai)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置、信(xin)號(hao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)和(he)控(kong)制線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)方(fang)式、機房(fang)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)防(fang)護(hu)措(cuo)施、各種(zhong)(zhong)接地(di)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)理等(deng)(deng)(deng)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)至關重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一環。